According to Howard Gardner, Creative Individuals Tend to Have Early Family Lives That Are ____.ã¢â‚¬â€¹

What you'll learn to do: depict intelligence theories and intelligence testing

Intelligence is a complex characteristic of knowledge. Many theories have been adult to explain what intelligence is and how it works. In that location's Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence that focuses on analytical, artistic, and practical intelligence, but there is also Gardner'due south theory which holds that intelligence is comprised of many factors. Still other theories focus on the importance of emotional intelligence. Which of the theories is near correct? And how can intelligence fifty-fifty be measured?

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This CrashCourse video gives a adept overview of these topics:

Learning Objectives

• Explain the triarchic theory of intelligence
• Explain the multiple intelligences theory
• Define creativity, divergent, and convergent thinking

A four-and-a-half-year-one-time boy sits at the kitchen table with his father, who is reading a new story aloud to him. He turns the page to continue reading, but before he can begin, the boy says, "Look, Daddy!" He points to the words on the new page and reads aloud, "Go, Squealer! Go!" The father stops and looks at his son. "Can you lot read that?" he asks. "Yes, Daddy!" And he points to the words and reads again, "Become, Pig! Go!"

This father was not actively teaching his son to read, even though the kid constantly asked questions about messages, words, and symbols that they saw everywhere: in the car, in the store, on the television. The dad wondered nearly what else his son might sympathize and decided to attempt an experiment. Grabbing a sail of blank paper, he wrote several simple words in a list: mom, dad, dog, bird, bed, truck, car, tree. He put the list down in front of the male child and asked him to read the words. "Mom, dad, dog, bird, bed, truck, car, tree," he read, slowing downward to carefully pronounce bird and truck. So, "Did I practise information technology, Daddy?" "You sure did! That is very good." The father gave his little boy a warm hug and connected reading the story nearly the pig, all the while wondering if his son's abilities were an indication of exceptional intelligence or simply a normal pattern of linguistic evolution. Like the father in this example, psychologists take wondered what constitutes intelligence and how information technology can exist measured.

Classifying Intelligence

What exactly is intelligence? The way that researchers accept defined the concept of intelligence has been modified many times since the nascency of psychology. British psychologist Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals. Spearman focused on the commonalities among diverse intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what fabricated each unique. Long before mod psychology developed, however, aboriginal philosophers, such equally Aristotle, held a like view (Cianciolo & Sternberg, 2004).

Others psychologists believe that instead of a single gene, intelligence is a collection of distinct abilities. In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided full general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963). Crystallized intelligence is characterized as caused knowledge and the ability to retrieve information technology. When y'all learn, retrieve, and call back information, y'all are using crystallized intelligence. You lot use crystallized intelligence all the fourth dimension in your coursework by demonstrating that you have mastered the information covered in the course. Fluid intelligence encompasses the power to see circuitous relationships and solve problems. Navigating your way abode after beingness detoured onto an unfamiliar route considering of road construction would draw upon your fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence helps y'all tackle circuitous, abstract challenges in your daily life, whereas crystallized intelligence helps you lot overcome concrete, straightforward problems (Cattell, 1963).

Other theorists and psychologists believe that intelligence should be defined in more practical terms. For instance, what types of behaviors help y'all get ahead in life? Which skills promote success? Think near this for a moment. Existence able to recite all 44 presidents of the U.s. in order is an fantabulous party trick, but will knowing this make you a better person?

Robert Sternberg developed some other theory of intelligence, which he titled the triarchic theory of intelligence because it sees intelligence as comprised of three parts (Sternberg, 1988): practical, creative, and analytical intelligence (Effigy 1).

Figure 1. Sternberg's theory identifies three types of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical.

Practical intelligence, as proposed by Sternberg, is sometimes compared to "street smarts." Being applied means you find solutions that piece of work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences. This type of intelligence appears to be separate from traditional agreement of IQ; individuals who score high in practical intelligence may or may not have comparable scores in creative and analytical intelligence (Sternberg, 1988).

This story virtually the 2007 Virginia Tech shootings illustrates both high and low practical intelligences. During the incident, one student left her class to go go a soda in an adjacent edifice. She planned to render to course, but when she returned to her edifice subsequently getting her soda, she saw that the door she used to leave was now chained shut from the within. Instead of thinking almost why in that location was a concatenation around the door handles, she went to her course's window and crawled back into the room. She thus potentially exposed herself to the gunman. Thankfully, she was not shot. On the other hand, a pair of students was walking on campus when they heard gunshots nearby. Ane friend said, "Allow's go check it out and see what is going on." The other pupil said, "No way, we need to run away from the gunshots." They did just that. As a result, both avoided damage. The pupil who crawled through the window demonstrated some creative intelligence but did not use mutual sense. She would have low practical intelligence. The pupil who encouraged his friend to run away from the sound of gunshots would have much higher practical intelligence.

Belittling intelligence is closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations. Sternberg says that belittling intelligence is demonstrated by an power to clarify, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast. When reading a classic novel for literature course, for instance, it is normally necessary to compare the motives of the master characters of the book or analyze the historical context of the story. In a scientific discipline course such as anatomy, you must study the processes by which the trunk uses various minerals in different human systems. In developing an understanding of this topic, you are using analytical intelligence. When solving a challenging math problem, you would use belittling intelligence to clarify unlike aspects of the problem and so solve information technology section by section.

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Examination your analytical intelligence with the prisoner hat riddle:

Artistic intelligence is marked past inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or state of affairs. Creativity in this realm tin include finding a novel solution to an unexpected trouble or producing a beautiful piece of work of art or a well-developed short story. Imagine for a moment that you are camping in the woods with some friends and realize that you've forgotten your camp coffee pot. The person in your group who figures out a style to successfully mash coffee for anybody would be credited as having higher artistic intelligence.

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Multiple Intelligences Theory was adult by Howard Gardner, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson. Gardner's theory, which has been refined for more than 30 years, is a more recent development amongst theories of intelligence. In Gardner's theory, each person possesses at least eight intelligences. Among these eight intelligences, a person typically excels in some and falters in others (Gardner, 1983). The following table describes each blazon of intelligence.

Multiple Intelligences

Intelligence Type	Characteristics	Representative Career
Linguistic intelligence	Perceives different functions of language, unlike sounds and meanings of words, may hands larn multiple languages	Announcer, novelist, poet, teacher
Logical-mathematical intelligence	Capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to employ reason and logic	Scientist, mathematician
Musical intelligence	Understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; may play multiple instruments or perform every bit a vocalist	Composer, performer
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence	High power to control the movements of the body and utilize the torso to perform various physical tasks	Dancer, athlete, athletic double-decker, yoga teacher
Spatial intelligence	Power to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space	Choreographer, sculptor, architect, aviator, crewman
Interpersonal intelligence	Ability to empathize and be sensitive to the diverse emotional states of others	Counselor, social worker, salesperson
Intrapersonal intelligence	Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and achieve personal goals	Fundamental component of personal success over time
Naturalist intelligence	High chapters to capeesh the natural globe and interact with the species within information technology	Biologist, ecologist, environmentalist

Gardner's theory is relatively new and needs additional research to ameliorate establish empirical support. At the aforementioned fourth dimension, his ideas challenge the traditional idea of intelligence to include a wider diverseness of abilities, although information technology has been suggested that Gardner simply relabeled what other theorists called "cognitive styles" every bit "intelligences" (Morgan, 1996). Furthermore, developing traditional measures of Gardner's intelligences is extremely difficult (Furnham, 2009; Gardner & Moran, 2006; Klein, 1997).

Gardner's inter- and intrapersonal intelligences are often combined into a unmarried type: emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, testify empathy, sympathize social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways (Parker, Saklofske, & Stough, 2009). People with loftier emotional intelligence typically take well-developed social skills. Some researchers, including Daniel Goleman, the author of Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More than IQ, argue that emotional intelligence is a better predictor of success than traditional intelligence (Goleman, 1995). Nonetheless, emotional intelligence has been widely debated, with researchers pointing out inconsistencies in how it is divers and described, as well every bit questioning results of studies on a subject area that is difficulty to measure and study emperically (Locke, 2005; Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2004)

Intelligence can besides have unlike meanings and values in different cultures. If you lot alive on a pocket-size island, where nearly people get their food by fishing from boats, it would be important to know how to fish and how to repair a gunkhole. If you were an exceptional angler, your peers would probably consider you lot intelligent. If you were besides skilled at repairing boats, your intelligence might be known across the whole island. Think about your own family's culture. What values are important for Latino families? Italian families? In Irish families, hospitality and telling an entertaining story are marks of the civilization. If you are a skilled storyteller, other members of Irish culture are probable to consider yous intelligent.

Some cultures place a loftier value on working together as a collective. In these cultures, the importance of the group supersedes the importance of individual accomplishment. When you visit such a culture, how well you relate to the values of that culture exemplifies your cultural intelligence, sometimes referred to as cultural competence.

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Watch this video to review each of Gardner's types of intelligences.

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What influence exercise you recollect emotional intelligence plays in your personal life?

Creativity

What practice the post-obit have in common: the drug penicillin, the Eiffel Tower, the film Lord of the Rings, the Full general Theory of Relativity, the hymn Amazing Grace, the iPhone, the novel Don Quixote, the painting The Mona Lisa, a recipe for chocolate fudge, the soft drink Coca-Cola, the video game Wii Sports, the West Coast offense in football, and the zipper? Y'all guessed right! All of the named items were products of the creative heed. Not 1 of them existed until somebody came upwards with the idea. Creativity is not something that you merely pick like apples from a tree. Considering creative ideas are so special, creators who come up up with the all-time ideas are frequently highly rewarded with fame, fortune, or both. Nobel Prizes, Oscars, Pulitzers, and other honors bring fame, and large sales and box office bring fortune. Yet what is creativity in the first place?

Figure 2. People often take difficulty describing where their artistic ideas came from. When you lot recall of something creative, how do you typically come up with information technology?

Creativity: What Is It?

Creativity happens when someone comes up with a creative thought. An case would be a creative solution to a difficult problem. But what makes an thought or solution creative? Creativity is the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities. Very creative people frequently have intense knowledge about something, piece of work on it for years, look at novel solutions, seek out the communication and help of other experts, and take risks. Although inventiveness is ofttimes associated with the arts, information technology is really a vital course of intelligence that drives people in many disciplines to discover something new. Creativity can be found in every area of life, from the way yous decorate your residence to a new way of understanding how a cell works.

Although psychologists take offered several definitions of creativity (Plucker, Beghetto, & Dow, 2004; Runco & Jaeger, 2012), probably the best definition is the ane recently adjusted from the iii criteria that the U.S. Patent Office uses to make up one's mind whether an invention can receive patent protection (Simonton, 2012).

The beginning benchmark is originality. The thought must have a low probability. Indeed, it often should exist unique. Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity certainly satisfied this criterion. No other scientist came up with the thought.

The 2nd criterion is usefulness. The idea should be valuable or piece of work. For example, a solution must, in fact, solve the problem. An original recipe that produces a dish that tastes too terrible to eat cannot be creative. In the case of Einstein's theory, his relativity principle provided explanations for what otherwise would be inexplicable empirical results.

Figure 3. Even with the three criteria for creativity (originality, usefulness, and surprise), determining whether art is "creative" tin prove difficult. Especially with all the examples of artists whose work wasn't deemed creative until after their deaths. [Image: Linus Bohman]

The 3rd and terminal benchmark is surprise. The thought should be surprising, or at least nonobvious (to apply the term used by the Patent Office). For instance, a solution that is a straightforward derivation from caused expertise cannot exist considered surprising even if it were original. Einstein's relativity theory was non a step-by-step deduction from classical physics simply rather the theory was built upon a new foundation that challenged the very basis of traditional physics.When applying these three criteria, it is disquisitional to recognize that originality, usefulness, and surprise are all quantitative rather than qualitative attributes of an idea. Specifically, nosotros really take to speak of degree to which an idea satisfies each of the three criteria. In addition, the three attributes should have a zilch point, that is, it should be possible to speak of an idea lacking any originality, usefulness, or surprise whatsoever. Finally, we have to assume that if an thought scores nada on any one criterion then it must have zero creativity as well. For case, someone who reinvents the wheel is definitely producing a useful idea, but the idea has zero originality and hence no inventiveness any. Similarly, someone who invented a parachute fabricated entirely out of steel reinforced physical would get lots of credit for originality—and surprise!—just none for usefulness.

Cognitive Processes: How Practice Creators Call up?

Figure 4. If you were tasked with thinking up as many uses for a brick every bit you could, how well would you practise? Would you have thought to chisel the brick into a sculpture? What about using information technology as sidewalk chalk? [Image: Simon Hooks]

Cognitive scientists have long been interested in the thinking processes that pb to creative ideas (Simonton & Damian, 2013). Indeed, many and so-called "creativity tests" are actually measures of the thought processes believed to underlie the creative act (Simonton, 2003b). The following two measures are among the best known.

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Test your ain creativity at this website by taking one of five common inventiveness tests.

The first is the Remote Assembly Test, or RAT, that was introduced by Mednick (1962). Mednick believed that the creative process requires the ability to associate ideas that are considered very far apart conceptually. The RAT consists of items that require the respondent to place a word that tin exist associated to three rather distinct stimulus words. For case, what discussion can be associated with the words "widow, bite, monkey"? The answer is spider (black widow spider, spider bite, spider monkey). This detail question is relatively easy, others are much more difficult, just it gives you the basic thought.

The 2nd measure out is the Unusual Uses Task (Guilford, 1967; Torrance, 1974). Here, the participant is asked to generate alternative uses for a common object, such every bit a brick. The responses can be scored on 4 dimensions: (a) fluency, the total number of advisable uses generated; (b) originality, the statistical rarity of the uses given; (c) flexibility, the number of distinct conceptual categories implied by the diverse uses; and (d) elaboration, the amount of detail given for the generated uses. For example, using a brick as a paperweight represents a different conceptual category that using its volume to conserve water in a toilet tank. The chapters to produce unusual uses is but one example of the general cognitive ability to engage in divergent thinking (Guilford, 1967). Unlike convergent thinking, which converges on the single best answer or solution, divergent thinking comes upward with multiple possibilities that might vary profoundly in usefulness.

Unfortunately, many different cerebral processes have been linked to creativity (Simonton & Damian, 2013). That is why we cannot use the singular; there is no such thing as the "creative process." All the same, the various processes exercise share i feature: All enable the person to "call up outside the box" imposed past routine thinking—to venture into territory that would otherwise be ignored (Simonton, 2011). Creativity requires that you lot go where you don't know where yous're going.

Everyday Connexion: Creativity

Dr. Tom Steitz, the Sterling Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at Yale University, has spent his career looking at the structure and specific aspects of RNA molecules and how their interactions cold help produce antibiotics and ward off diseases. As a result of his lifetime of work, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009. He wrote, "Looking back over the evolution and progress of my career in science, I am reminded how vitally important good mentorship is in the early stages of one's career development and constant face-to-face conversations, contend and discussions with colleagues at all stages of inquiry. Outstanding discoveries, insights and developments do not happen in a vacuum" (Steitz, 2010, para. 39). Based on Steitz's comment, information technology becomes clear that someone'due south inventiveness, although an private strength, benefits from interactions with others. Think of a time when your inventiveness was sparked by a conversation with a friend or classmate. How did that person influence you and what trouble did y'all solve using creativity?

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Glossary

analytical intelligence:aligned with academic trouble solving and computations

convergent thinking: the contrary of divergent thinking, the capacity to narrow in on the single "correct" answer or solution to a given question or problem (e.g., giving the right response on an intelligence tests)
creativity:power to generate, create, or notice new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

artistic intelligence:ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

crystallized intelligence:characterized past caused noesis and the ability to retrieve it

cultural intelligence:power with which people tin sympathise and chronicle to those in another culture

divergent thinking: the opposite of convergent thinking, the chapters for exploring multiple potential answers or solutions to a given question or problem (eastward.g., coming up with many dissimilar uses for a common object)

emotional intelligence:ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

fluid intelligence:power to encounter complex relationships and solve problems

Multiple Intelligences Theory:Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least viii types of intelligence

practical intelligence:aka "street smarts"

triarchic theory of intelligence:Sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and belittling

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-psychology/chapter/what-are-intelligence-and-creativity/

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